What are the differences in operation between ordinary machine tools and CNC machine tools?

Conventional machine tools and CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tools differ significantly in their operation. While both types are based on mechanical principles, their control methods vary fundamentally. Conventional machine tools rely on manual operation, where operators manually control tool movements and positions to achieve machining objectives. This straightforward approach is suitable for simpler machining tasks but lacks the precision and automation of CNC machines.

In contrast, CNC machine tools are controlled by electronic signals. Operators pre-program machining paths and parameters into the machine, which then executes these instructions automatically. This method offers high precision, efficiency, and a high degree of automation, making CNC machines ideal for machining various complex parts.

The retrofitting of conventional machine tools into CNC ones involves redesigning the machine's structure to achieve optimal performance. Modern CNC technology has evolved beyond simply equipping traditional machines with CNC systems or retrofitting them. It requires careful consideration of factors like cost and technical feasibility. Therefore, modern CNC machines feature significantly different mechanical structures compared to conventional ones, encompassing components such as support parts, main drive systems, feed drive systems, tooling systems, and auxiliary functions. 

Converting conventional machine tools to CNC offers several advantages:

1. Cost Savings: Retrofitting conventional machines into CNC ones can significantly reduce costs, typically saving around 60%, especially noticeable for larger equipment. The cost of retrofitting a large machine tool is often only a third of purchasing a new one, and existing infrastructure can be utilized to further reduce investment costs.

2. Enhanced Stability: CNC retrofitting improves machine stability since the basic components of the original machine have already undergone long-term use and stabilization, minimizing stress deformation that could affect machining accuracy.

3. Improved Productivity: CNC retrofitted machines can greatly enhance productivity, often achieving 3 to 5 times higher automation efficiency compared to traditional machine tools. This is particularly beneficial for machining complex parts where higher difficulty translates into more significant efficiency gains.

As China's manufacturing sector continues to advance, the enhancement of CNC capabilities through retrofitting conventional machines plays a crucial role. It allows for better utilization of existing equipment, improves operational efficiency, and boosts economic benefits for mechanical manufacturing enterprises.